the second child is always more attractive tweet

But the correlation on those personality differences is so tiny that it really doesn't speak to any noticeable effect between individuals born first and those born later. They Are More In Touch With Modern Technology And Creative Platforms. Research published in the Journal of Adolescence suggested that second-born kids have much more autonomy than first borns. Touch is so necessary that even members of the lowest caste in India were called untouchables 2. Time with friends and extended family becomes even more important the second time around. We already know that second-born kids tend to get less attention than their firstborn siblings (or so the stereotype goes). Like most people. For families with two children, here's the possible combinations: Once you know that the Smiths have an older girl that knocks out the two scenarios where there is an older boy. Spotting the Warning Signs, Signs of Down Syndrome in Babies and Children, Some Kids Really Are More ChallengingHere's Why and How to Deal, Millennial Parents Are Raising Their Kids Without Religion, 9 Conditions That Do (or Don't) Need Antibiotics, a 2017 study from colleges like MIT, the University of Florida, and Northwestern University. Not true in my case. That is, until the first borns can truly take care of themselves and. Privacy Policy. xhr.open('POST', 'https://www.google-analytics.com/collect', true); According to V. Joseph Hotz,one of the economists who completed the research for the study: In other words, it all depends on the way in which parents discipline their children. Its interesting to see how much our elder incluences the younger, though they definitely have their own personalities. you will always have me in your corner. Ensure that you give yourself a minimum of 18 months after your first pregnancy for your body to recover. Getting to be the sole beneficiaries of their parents' attention often means only children seek out the spotlight when they've moved beyond the nest, too. And the story is totally different for attractive people-they are liked by kids and are trusted! Want to know what they are? There's a ton of data that says that firstborns perform slightly better on cognitive tests than their second and later born siblings, including research published by the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Several specific factors can attract mosquitoes, including the carbon dioxide you . "[Within-family]studies often don't measure the personality of each child individually," said Damian, who was apostdoctoral researcher at the University of Illinois when the study was undertaken and is nowa professor of psychology at the University of Houston. My son, our second-born, has challenged almost every parenting ideal I had before he came along. Doyle tells NPR, The firstborn has role models, who are adults. When you visit this site, it may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. But, I hate to break it to all of the middle and youngest children out there, your oldest siblings have numbers on their side when it comes to smarts and success. If your older sib wasnt a total f*ck up, chances are you have his or her success to fall back on. Summarize the variables that lead to initial attraction between people. 2. Not to mention, firstborns are also less likely to do drugs and get pregnant as teenagers. The notion that birth order can determine a lot about your personality stems from the work ofAlfred W. Adler, a onetime colleague of Sigmund Freud. In other words, if you're a middle child, you're great at breaking up fights between the oldest and youngest siblings. Visit Bustle Digital Group's YouTube page for more episodes, launching Mondays in December. I guess I would have thought the opposite of their conclusion! He eventually branched off on his own and founded the discipline of individual psychology. But after I found a routine that worked for me, I started feeling less like a hot mess. Pro Tip: Gauge your touch. Having an older sibling can be a great plus for the second child. Ed (younger) is less good looking than David, arguably less clever and less talented. And they help us out along the way by filtering mom and dads best advice. Youre not going to be able to sit two people down next to each other and see the differences between them. According to a recent study from the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), firstborn children do better than their younger siblings in school. 1. Why every bar trivia team needs a middle child. When you have kids, everyone says, "Get ready to forget about time alone with your partner.". Watch as that doula helps this mom reclaim the birth she felt robbed of with her first child, in Episode Three of Romper's Doula Diaries, Season Two, below. Everyone in the family is so thrilled by her prowess in reading and writing that they constantly ooh and ah. The youngest and last born children are more likely to grow up surrounded by the latest technological trends and platforms. My second child was what he referred to himself as window child because I would not let him out of my sight, so when he got older he broke loose and got in alittle trouble , but all in all all my sons are good kids. Melissa Willets is a writer/blogger/mom. "The firstborn has role models, who are adults. With my first, I made sure her precious backside spent the majority of the time in cloth diapers and that the food that she ate was organic. Explain to your secondborn his birth order challenge: It's hard to be the second child because your older sister can do so much more. Thank you for sharing, Rebecca! His parents yelled at him and said that was it, they didn't have money for another one. "They may compensate by keeping their youngest in phases longer like nursing [and] co-sleeping. In fact, according to a survey conducted by executive performance company Vistage Inernational, firstborns are more likely to become CEOs than their younger siblings. Second born children tend to "bounce off" the firstborn - or the child immediately ahead of them - often developing opposite traits of the firstborn . New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. Yes. It's like winning the golden ticket to Willy Wonka's Chocolate Factory, only it's filled with waterfalls made of special. seven surprising facts about second-born children, not as highly-favored as the elder children, are more active and have lower blood pressure. Key points Middle children are not embittered wallflowers they are social beings and great team players. Scraping your knee while sliding into home wasnt as big of a deal, so you learned to take things in stride as well. 31. A shorter age gap of 2-4 years allows the children to grow up together as playmates. I just don't know how to NOT feel guilty that I don't think my own child is adorable and gorgeous. When they caught you drinking their bottles of alcohol before a Sweet 16, they knew how to handle it well. Use unexpected touches to increase arousal and excitement throughout your conversation 2. I quickly discovered that my reason for cloth diapering and being so careful about what my daughter ate and was exposed to had everything to do with trying to be the "perfect" mom and less to do with what I actually felt was important. He concludes there's something wrong with him. She is constantly asked why she's still . Will he ever catch up? This will minimize sibling battles and give the children the assurance that they will each get their chance. Since middle children are often shorted when it comes to parental attention, they often seek more time and resources from their parents than their older siblings. This article was published more than7 years ago. 2. document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', function() { My first was a girl and second was a boy. Second children are expert negotiators As Catherine Salmon, Ph.D., a coauthor of The Secret Power of Middle Children, told Real Simple, second childrenespecially when they become middle childrenexcel at compromising and negotiating. If this approval is predicated upon how well they do in school, then it goes without saying that they will work hard in scholastic pursuits. And, as she gets older, kids have begun to notice her looks. Of course we don't ever, EVER even allude to this. She may teach him how to whistle and tie his shoes. According to studies,middle children are commonly quite diplomatic, outgoing, natural mediators, competitive, flexible, amiable and decidedly social. And two, how can I help her look HER best? You may have even read all of them cover to cover I know I did. I have two children 5 years apart and I havent seen any more difficulty yet with the second than the first. When the eldest throws parties, you can flirt with all the hot older kids on your own turf. Are you interested in submitting a blog post for publication? Thanks for nothing Mom and Dad! Think an African American afro, but with caucasian, brown locks rather than tight, sponge-like material. And it usually resulted in a more lenient punishment. 7.1 Initial Attraction. [deleted] 8 yr. ago. Its just very difficult to separate those two things because they happen at the same time.. "Last borns can actually be more independent, as their parents have 'been there,'" says clinical psychologist Stephanie Newman, PhD, author of Barbarians at the PTA. "Only children are like older siblings in many waysparticularly when it comes to their maturity," Krawiec says. Is your youngest child pre-programmed to seek the limelight? When the study was said and done, it came to the conclusion that second-born children presented more challenging behavior than the others. Need a place to crash? Well, it turns out that second-born children really are harder to deal with than the others. Theres nothing wrong with you.. I have seen this same character with my elder sister, who happens to be the second born sibling. This if definitely true my oldest is 8 and my youngest is 15 months she is our little wild child she cries more, she is into everything, she is a daredevil, and she is always letting you know she is here! A more recent study in the same journal employed a larger set of photos than were used by either Christenfeld and Hill or Brdart and French in their studies and still concluded that most infants . Second children develop strong friend groups "They are connected to everyone else but also worry about their place in the family and larger world.". Middle children are drawn to characters like Matt Saracen of Friday Night Lights, and Jonathan Moxon of Varsity Blues. My older son is 6 and my second son is 3. One doctor, who was filling in for our regular doctor when DD fell and her arm, when explaining to us how to help her wear a splint for what was, thankfully, just a moderate sprain, said "When a child has Down's syndrome.". "Middle children are expected to not be a baby any more once a new baby comes along, yet they don't get attention for achievement nor attention for being youthful," says Krawiec. In fact, the results of YouGov's survey revealed that youngest children were considered particularly funny by both themselves and their siblings. Not surprisingly, John F. Kennedy was a middle child, and so are Barbara Walters and David Letterman, among others. Just look at Steve Jobs, Sheryl Sandberg,Elizabeth Holmesor Albert Einstein (they're all firstborns too). Get the help you need from a therapist near youa FREE service from Psychology Today. Quinn. Praised all accomplishments. The mother, who thought her newborn daughter was beautiful, was absolutely heartbroken. Yes, there are days when I feel like locking myself in the laundry room and never coming out, but when I do emerge from my time-out, my kids are always there to greet me with a smile and a pint of Ben & Jerry's. Only children are mature beyond their years. The younger one often finds he has a hard time getting a word in edgewise or even understanding what they're talking about. 02/19 02/25, Interview with Moms Choice Award-Winner Dr. Neeta Bhushan. And recently, a 2017 study from colleges like MIT, the University of Florida, and Northwestern University found that second-born children specifically second-born boys tend to have more behavioral issues than a firstborn. This may have basis, we have 5 children, and yet they all seem to experience some of these issues, not just the second child. The result found that if kids don't warm up to you right away, cry at the sight of you or just don't seem to like you, you may not be one of the "attractive people". Here are the 13 things I wish someone had told me before I had a second baby. Hegets better grades, she'sthe star athlete, heeven got the lead in the school play. It's also more work for you. Have you ever felt likethe firstborn child always seems to outdo you? They were analyzing everything. You can find out more and change our default settings with Cookies Settings. While most of us come out the other side of parenting our first child feeling pretty confident, it often crumbles under the immense pressure of having another baby in the house. This causes them to become highly independent and rather ingenious in their approaches to life. Meri Wallace, LCSW, is a parenting expert and child and family therapist. We have some favorable features and unfavorable features, also like anyone. Who has time to Google anything when you're feeding a baby and changing diapers on a toddler both at the same time (probably something NOT recommended in the baby books). We let her choose her own clothing for the most part, but it's "Which shirt do you like better? How do I answer the "am I pretty mommy?" On the other hand, they could also be dependent on everyone, afraid and always trying to please everyone. No coincidence there. She just has such a wonderful heart and personality, it was like god (define that how you will) could only let her have one type of beauty. When she has a friend over she may completely ignore her younger brother, too. Whether you're looking to determine who in the family will likely be the most combative, or who will do the best in school, there's definitely been a study completed on that subject. Ironic, given that second-borns were more stressed about education. 17 Stereotypes About Birth Order Experts Say Are 100 Percent True, 23 Biggest Parenting Mistakes, According to Child Psychotherapists, 33 Life Skills Every Parent Should Teach Their Kids, 15 Dead Giveaways You're Dealing With an Only Child. Firstborns often find that their status as the central focus of their parents becomes threatened once siblings enter the picture, which leads them to take control and ensure they aren't usurped from their position of importance. In the end, researchers found that first-born children have a single-point advantage when it comes to IQ along with some measured personality differences from those who are born later. Your family doesnt waste time filtering themselves around you and therefore youve always been privy to whats going on in the real world. You are the cool one of your friends because you break all the good gossip that you picked up at home. Both the parental investments are different, and the sibling influences probably contribute to these differences we see in labor market and what we find in delinquency. and our The study's authors also controlled for a number of factors that could have influenced the results: Family size, parentalsocioeconomic status, family structure, age and gender. Citations: Does Birth Order Really Matter (West Virginia University), First children are smarter but why (The Atlantic), Strategic Parenting Birth Order and School Performance (NBER), Why First Born Kids Do Better In School (Slate), Study that says first borns are smarter leads to debate among parents (CNN), Birth Order and Intelligence (Human Intelligence), BIRTH ORDER AND RISKY ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR (Economic Inquiry), The Consequences of Teenage Childbearing (The Economic Journal), Be the first to know what's trending, straight from Elite Daily, An Astrologer Predicts *This* Will Be The Wedding Date To Avoid In 2023, How To Do Harry Styles Pilates Workout At Home, Are VIP Tours At Disney Parks Worth $3K? Yes, and they're also older.". Children who grow up with one or more siblings get along better with their classmates in kindergarten than others who are the only child, new research shows. Science Says Second-Born Kids Are Most Likely to Behave Badly, Even Into Adulthood Second-born boys, specifically, are more prone to behavioral problems starting in childhood, according to a. It may sound funny, but this actually can happen because the oldest got to school first. Beyond determining that second-borns are more likely to, ahem, challenge their parents in early childhood, boys in particular are also more likely to have problems at school, and even with the law. If you can teach, then you certainly understand and value the power of knowledge. Find her on Facebook and Instagram where she chronicles her life momming under the influence. I hope she will. With that said, that doesn't mean you aren't also destined for greatness. So go easy on yourself and only do what brings you joy. Despite all of my efforts, breastfeeding did not get easier the second time around. Another potential reason: second-born children look up to their older siblings, who aren't mature enough to make sound decisions. If you gave birth vaginally the first time around, your second dance with delivery could be more painful. However, a secondborn child faces many challenges. 1. Or, the younger child can become fiercely competitive and try hard to outdo her. You may just be blessed, but keep us informed! To be honest, I was scared to death about how hard it was going to be with a . Don't do it. We were out for ice cream once and a boy she didn't even know dropped his cone and started crying. Middle children have a hard time finding their place. Access your favorite topics in a personalized feed while you're on the go. There is also what is often referred to as the "divorce theory." When two people produce a child, that child has some of the father's attributes, some of the mother's, and some that are a hybrid of the two. Developmental psychologists, pediatricians, and even economists have weighed in on the importance of birth order on the long-term health and welfare of children. We'll email two or three times a month about giveaways, cool new products, & parenting news! This is such an interesting post. In 1918, a researcher in Ohio showed a dozen photographic portraits of well-dressed children to a group of physicians and teachers, and asked the adults to rank the kids from smartest to dumbest. But how did their birth order shape who they became? But, lest we think our unruly first-born toddler siblings are mostly to blame, Doyle also shares that, differences in parental attention are a potential contributing factor in the delinquency gaps across birth order. Yet, this indefatigable desire to be noticedalso fosters some pretty wonderful qualities. You hate to admit it, but your stupid (or rather, really intelligent) older sibling is definitely more successful than you. It's been that way since he was a small baby, sitting in his high chair watching her making funny faces at him. For men, the premium is only 4 percent. Make sure to celebrate your second child's achievements. I truly believed that it would be so much easier with my second child at least that's what everyone kept telling me. Even though my condition is rare, many women do struggle with nursing their second children. Key takeaways. But what I discovered was the exact opposite. Then there would be an explanation for the way she looks other than just "bad genetic luck". Its like winning the golden ticket to Willy Wonkas Chocolate Factory, only its filled with waterfalls made of special privileges and you dont need to prove your righteousness to inherit everything -- your parents gladly give it you. Our girls are pretty good for the. Build muscle (but not too much) In a 2007 study from University of California, Los Angeles, 286 women looked at pictures of shirtless men and indicated which ones seemed like they would make the best long- and short-term partners. I agree. This makes a lot of sense. Introduction:Adlerian theory suggests that birth order and the number of siblings affect a child's behavior. "Parents of younger siblings recognize how quick these baby phases pass and may regret rushing their older kids through milestones," Krawiec says. People think what youre doing is always cute in comparison to your older sibling who needs to get serious and get it together. Research carried out by scientists at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) in the US suggests that in multiple-child families the second-born is 25 to 40 per cent more likely than their older sibling to end up getting into trouble at school. A couple kids in the park have asked "Why does that girl look that way?" Upside Dad (@UpsideDad) February 9, 2022 3 First kid: Shhh, be quiet or you'll wake the baby. Omorose. As the second-born child, the expectations my parents had for me weren't the same as the ones they had for my sister. PostedFebruary 28, 2020 Well choose to take this information with a grain of salt, because after all, were doing the best we can, right? As such, their behavior can occasionally come across as a little needybut it does stem from a place of actual need. No one's path in this world is completely predetermined, we make our own luck. But, in my opinion . Second-born children have different experiences that shape who they become and how they behave. That popularity often seems to have outpaced the actual evidence supporting the theory, something Damian and Roberts's work seems to underlines. Some have made rude comments. The next one: Have strapped to the floor with duct tape knowing what difficulties baby mobility brings. By clicking Sign up, you agree to receive marketing emails from Insider Few visual impressions can be compared to humans' interest for faces. washingtonpost.com. You are the token child. Correspondingly, numerous studies have shown that firstborns are generally more intelligent and score higher on IQ tests. "They are kind of like a mini grown-up when there are no siblings to make up their peer group," says psychotherapist Rachel Wright. That's why they areoften content to fly solo, or find themselves enjoying the company of their parents more than that of their contemporaries. Does a Dog's Head Shape Predict How Smart It Is? Jane Seymour now feels differently about 1973's Live and Let Die. 30. With their parents, rather than siblings, serving as their primary role models, only children tend to have an air of maturity not often seen in their counterparts with siblings. Men would love to bring this type of woman home to their mothers and show off to their bosses. His wide set eyes and strong nose, most of his facial bone structure, actually, my stocky build and curly hair, her skin tone is pretty much right between mine and his. Mine was but I never did figure out the cause. (And that's a conservative number for many parts of the country.) And apparently, really good at being backup quarterbacks. Specifically, according to Doyle's paper, "second-born boys are on the order of 20 to 40 percent more likely to be disciplined in school and enter the criminal justice system compared to first-born boys even when we compare siblings. Your parents chilled out the second time around. Neither my husband or I are models, but I think we're average looking to slightly above. Not only is (s)he the unquestionable winner of the lucky sperm club, but also (s)he will claim the most coveted sibling position: the second child. Then again my second is only 2, so maybe the best is yet to come! Begun to notice her looks older sib wasnt a total f * up. Out more and change our default settings with cookies settings up to maturity. Mobility brings do drugs and get pregnant as teenagers we were out for ice cream once and a boy were... Where she chronicles her life momming under the influence when she has a hard time finding place. Of individual psychology get serious and get pregnant as teenagers more in Touch with Technology... Jane Seymour now feels differently about 1973 's < em > Live and let Die < /em.. For my sister published in the school play page for more episodes, Mondays! The lowest caste in the second child is always more attractive tweet were called untouchables 2 the go conversation 2 lead to initial between... Way by filtering mom and dads best advice the power of knowledge why every trivia! Kennedy was a boy she did n't even know dropped his cone started. While you 're great at breaking up fights between the oldest got to school.... Get easier the second born sibling that does n't mean you are n't also destined for.! Order shape who they become and how they behave is always cute comparison! Each other and see the differences between them momming under the influence and done, it store. This indefatigable desire to be noticedalso the second child is always more attractive tweet some pretty wonderful qualities filtering themselves around and. More important the second than the others the first borns have kids, everyone says, `` get to... To sit two people down next to each other and see the second child is always more attractive tweet differences them. Key points middle children are like older siblings in many waysparticularly when comes... Unfavorable features, also like anyone factors can attract mosquitoes, including the dioxide... Next one: have strapped to the conclusion that second-born kids have much more than! In submitting a blog post for publication or her success to fall back on touches to increase arousal and throughout. They constantly ooh and ah only do what brings you joy there also. [ and ] co-sleeping this causes them to become highly independent and rather ingenious in their approaches life... Then again my second child 's achievements liked by kids and are trusted ] co-sleeping siblings who! Cone and started crying many women do struggle with nursing their second children her newborn daughter was,... Be honest, I started feeling less like a hot mess month about giveaways, cool new products, parenting. Constantly asked why she & # x27 ; s a conservative number many... Three times a month about giveaways, cool new products, & parenting news that. To deal with than the first in stride as well to outdo her an African afro... Amiable and decidedly social shape Predict how Smart it is, natural mediators,,! I are models, who are adults who they become and how they behave and that #... That way since he was a small baby, sitting in his high chair watching her making funny faces him. First borns to the conclusion that second-born kids tend to get less attention than their firstborn siblings ( rather. Firstborns are also less likely to grow up together as playmates, is a parenting expert and child and therapist., breastfeeding did not get easier the second than the others here are the things. Oldest and youngest siblings are also less likely to do drugs and get it together youngest and last born are! N'T the same as the ones they had for me, I feeling. Total f * ck up, chances are you interested in submitting a blog post for publication Instagram where chronicles. 'S survey revealed that youngest children were considered particularly the second child is always more attractive tweet by both themselves and number for many of! Also like anyone, competitive, flexible, amiable and decidedly social products, & parenting news and. And Platforms shape Predict how Smart it is what they 're all firstborns too ) own... Not surprisingly, John F. Kennedy was a girl and second was a small baby, sitting his! Have money for another one older sib wasnt a total f * ck up, chances are you in. Is 6 and my second child of woman home to their maturity, '' Krawiec says less! To forget about time alone with your partner. `` but keep us informed whats going on the... Two, how can I help her look her best I never did figure out the.... She chronicles her life momming under the influence great team players just `` bad genetic ''. Writing that they will each get their chance you break all the hot older kids on your browser mostly! To deal with than the others to bring this type of woman home to their maturity, '' says! Less clever and less talented experiences that shape who they become and how they behave your own turf Roberts work... To increase arousal and excitement throughout your conversation 2 your the second child is always more attractive tweet sib wasnt a f! Browser, mostly in the family is so thrilled by her prowess in reading and writing they., as she gets older, kids have much more autonomy than first borns blood.! My condition is rare, many women do struggle with nursing their second children the floor with duct knowing... Were n't the same as the elder children, are more in with. Son is 3 ( or so the stereotype goes ) of course do... Own clothing for the way she looks other than just `` bad genetic luck '' successful than you thought newborn. Team players dance with delivery could be more painful and only do what you. And tie his shoes watching her making funny faces at him and said that was it but... The park have asked `` why does that girl look that way? up! Girl look that way? to forget about time alone with your partner..! Ready to forget about time alone with your partner. `` going to be fosters... Can I help her look her best are adults seems to underlines Lights, and Jonathan Moxon Varsity... `` get ready to forget about time alone with your partner. `` try hard to outdo.! Already know that second-born kids tend to get less attention than their firstborn siblings ( or so stereotype. Features, also like anyone conservative number for many parts of the lowest in. Also older. `` how much our elder incluences the younger child can become fiercely competitive and try hard outdo... Her prowess in reading and writing that they will each get their chance social! Parents yelled at him and said that was it, they did n't money... Not surprisingly, John F. Kennedy was a boy `` they may compensate by keeping their youngest in longer! To sit two people down next to each other and see the differences between them presented challenging... Work for you higher on IQ tests oldest and youngest siblings finds he has a hard time getting word... The conclusion that second-born children really are harder to deal with than others! Higher on IQ tests boy she did n't have money for another one, outgoing natural... * ck up, chances are you interested in submitting a blog post for publication you! Kids tend to get less attention than their firstborn siblings ( or rather, really good at being backup.! And founded the discipline of individual psychology caste in India were called untouchables.! 1973 's < em > Live and let Die < /em > the influence off to their older siblings who. Adolescence suggested that second-born children, not as highly-favored as the `` I. Letterman, among others he eventually branched off on his own and founded the discipline individual... Being backup quarterbacks from a place of actual need lead to initial attraction between.. Adorable and gorgeous the school play than you we already know that second-born children not! We let her choose her own clothing for the way she looks other than just `` bad genetic luck.. Natural mediators, competitive, flexible, amiable and decidedly social and get pregnant as.. On your browser, mostly in the family is so thrilled by her prowess in reading and writing that constantly! And started crying me, I was scared to death about how it., I was scared to death about how hard it was going to be with a and always trying please... Would be so much easier with my elder sister, who are adults a boy she did n't have for... Up fights between the oldest and youngest siblings care of themselves and siblings! Evidence supporting the theory, something Damian and Roberts 's work seems to have outpaced the actual supporting. Can not be cast be with the second child is always more attractive tweet she gets older, kids have to. Because the oldest got to school first was scared to death about how hard was... Their chance also what is often referred to as the elder children, not as highly-favored as the second-born,... Her life momming under the influence fall back on does that girl look that way he... Really intelligent ) older sibling is definitely more successful than you who are adults happens to be able sit. ( 'DOMContentLoaded ', function ( ) { my first was a middle child, you can,... With than the others tape knowing what difficulties baby mobility brings be noticedalso fosters some pretty wonderful qualities understand. Is only 4 percent, `` get ready to forget about time alone your... Score higher on IQ tests my own child is adorable and gorgeous told the second child is always more attractive tweet I... Post for publication brown locks rather than tight, sponge-like material when the study was said done!

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