He was a commander in the Kiheitai, a paramilitary organization created on semi-western lines by the Chsh domain. Yamagata started taking action in the certain serious incident of the Imperial Court, which later caused his power to drop, when Kinmochi SAIONJI consulted Yamagata, but to the public conflicts among domain cliques were so emphasized that ultimately Yamagata was considered to be the sole 'bad guy.' While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [9][pageneeded]. Given the fact that a single-member constituency system was likely to result in the formation of a large-and-powerful political party, Yamagata figured that he could conciliate the national diet if the constituency system were changed from a single-member to a large constituency system and small factions were fragmented. Arimichi YAMAGATA, the son of Isaburo, served at the Imperial Court as a chamberlain (the master of ceremonies). On the other hand, the funeral service of Shigenobu OKUMA, which was held around the same time, was attended by famous people from a variety of fields, and the venue was crowded with the general attendants although his was not a state funeral (it was a 'national funeral' instead), even though Okuma was also a former Prime Minister and a genkun of the Imperial Restoration just as Yamagata had been. He also ordered the construction of Shoto-an in Oiso Town and Koki-an, in Odawara City. In 1912 Yamagata set the precedent that the army could dismiss a cabinet. the Japanese Cinderella stories, the letters of Yamagata Aritomo, Sgi's pilgrimage diary of 1480, and the Echigo war of 1868. In late August, Imperial forces led by General Yamagata Aritomo surrounded the rebels on Mount Enodake. In discussing national defense policy, Yamagata characterized Korea as "A Dagger Pointed at the Heart of Japan.". Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). He was a close protg of Yamagata Aritomo and at Yamagata's urging, served as Governor of Tokyo from July 1882 to June 1885. Because the Japanese army was not yet ready for war against China, he had opposed the Formosa expedition, and, in order to allay his opposition, the government reluctantly promoted him to sangi in August 1874. The Imperial family struggled against the pressure from Yamagata and the couple eventually managed to get married. Yamagata in his lifetime was unpopular because he suppressed democratic rights movements, aggressively fomented high treason and unnecessarily trusted the Imperial Court when the certain serious incident occurred. Without a rival after Its assassination in 1909, Yamagata led Japan as a virtual dictator, backed by the military and the bureaucracy under his influence. As the Imperial Japanese Army's inaugural Chief of Staff, he was . Gandhi asked for the tax on salt to be stopped or he would do another march. Yamagata served as the Supreme Commander of the First Army and as Chief Officer of the General Staff Office during the Russo-Japanese War of 190405, and for distinguished service, he was elevated to the nobility, and received the title of koshaku (prince) in 1907. Subsequently, on March 29 he revised the Election Law of the Member of the House of Representatives and eased the price of the right to vote from 15 yen land or national tax or whichever was higher to 10 yen land or national tax or whichever was higher (furthermore, the price was reduced from three years' worth of national tax to two years' worth, while the land-tax-based price remained the same, which was one year's worth). When the Boxer Rebellion broke out in China in response to foreign encroachment, Yamagata, at Great Britain's request, dispatched the largest of the foreign contingents that were sent to put down the rebellion, heightening Japans reputation as an international power. [11] After the assassination of It Hirobumi in 1909, Yamagata became the most influential statesman in Japan and remained so until his death in 1922,[12] although he retired from active participation in politics after the Russo-Japanese War. At the end of the war, when Saigo's severed head was brought to Yamagata, he ordered it washed, and held the head in his arms as he pronounced a meditation on the fallen hero. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. Updates? In 1891 Yamagata, exhausted by party strife, resigned as prime minister. His family crest was three scales within a circle. Domestically, Yamagata did his best to suppress the social-labour movement in its incipient stage, while strengthening the autonomy of the armed service and the bureaucracy. Please sign in to share these flashcards. At the first meeting of the Imperial Diet, he made an administrative policy speech and claimed that it was necessary to increase the military budget in order to keep both the 'sovereign line' (the border) and the 'interest line' (Korean peninsula). He succeeded in introducing conscription. Henceforth, Prince Yamagata oversaw all policymaking within the empire until a falling . More conservative than It Hirobumi, who had drafted the Japanese constitution, Yamagata proposed to the first Diet that Japan should expand its dominion over part of the Asian continent. As a samurai youth in Chsh province, Yamagata was among those who answered the foreign threat with the slogan "Sonn ji" ("Revere the emperor, expel the barbarians"). Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. During the l. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi's Fight Against The British Rule Gandhi is widely known for defeating the British empire without any cruelty. After separating the Operations Department from the Army Ministry and reorganizing the General Staff Office, he resigned as Minister of the Army and assumed the position of Chief of the General Staff. As War Minister he founded the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff . Yamagata was determined to construct these wide roads over strong opposition for future development of the area. In do 45-52). As the Imperial Japanese Army's inaugural Chief of Staff, he was the chief architect of the Empire of Japan's military and its reactionary ideology. A samurai of Choshu, he took part in the Meiji restoration. The prevention of further loss of sovereignty and the revision . He entered politics in 1882 while still chief of the general staff and became president of the Legislative Board (Sangiin), a group of elders who advised the government concerning the establishment of the basic principles of the Meiji constitution. His Japanese decorations included the Order of the Golden Kite (1st class), Order of the Rising Sun (1st class with Paulownia Blossoms, Grand Cordon) and the Order of the Chrysanthemum. The Coming Race War Won't Be About Race. Meanwhile, the voting system was changed from signed voting to secret voting and elementary school teachers were deprived of eligibility. Prince Yamagata was a talented garden designer, and today the gardens he designed are considered masterpieces of Japanese gardens. Yamagata did his best to check the power of the rising political parties and to remove the bureaucracy from their control. Beginning of Crisis of Modernity. In this hard-hitting polemic, one of America's best-known political commentators explains why racial tensions are now approaching critical mass - and points to what we must do to defuse the situation. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. His victory proved once again the superiority of the conscript army over the former samurai troops. He began a system of military conscription in 1873. After retirement, he continued to wield power as a genro (elder statesman). In 1891, he resigned to become a genro (an oligarch). Introducing Cram Folders! How do their views of race and of nation contrast? He became the Prime Minister in 1889. In 1906, Yamagata received the Order of Merit from Edward VII of the United Kingdom. Updates? By AARON MORRISON February 5, 2021 A war rages on in America, and it didn't begin with Donald Trump or the assault on the Capitol. He had his coming of age ceremony (genpuku) at age 15, and started off as a petty official at the Chsh Domain and then at the Meirinkan. During the Seinan War (also known as the Satsuma Rebellion), Terauchi (a Captain in the Army at that time) was injured in his right arm and treated at a temporary hospital in Osaka. After It was assassinated in 1909, he became the most powerful figure in Japan save for the Emperor himself. Isabel and David Crook, Chinese Revolution (1940s). Additionally, he was the founding father of Japan's Hokushin-ron policy due to his central role in drawing up a preliminary national defensive strategy against Russia following the Russo-Japanese War. Emperor Meiji trusted Hiroumi ITO, who was bright, cheerful and calm; Taro KATSURA, who led the Russo-Japanese War; and Kinmochi SAIONJI, who was his childhood friend more than Yamagata, who was disingenuous. Yamagata energetically modernized the fledgling Imperial Japanese Army, and modeled it after the Prussian Army. The Linked Data Service provides access to commonly found standards and vocabularies promulgated by the Library of Congress. In July, 2019, police officers responding to a racist graffiti incident in Baltimore County, Maryland, encountered swastikas, as well as a phrase new to them: "Race War Now." In New York, the DMV canceled a Queens resident's vanity license plate in November 2018; the plate read "GTKRWN," an acronym for . Also, Arimichi adopted the third son Arimitsu YAMAGATA born between Matsuko, Aritomo's daughter, and Mitsunojo FUNAKOSHI, and was baronized as a branch of the House of Yamagata. It also helped to establish his leadership in the army. Yamagata played an active role in the bourgeois revolution of 1867-68 (seeMEIJI RESTORATION). Nevertheless, the attempt of calming tensions between the Muslims and Hindus can Of little impact at the time, its influence grew, and by the end of the century, it had helped to inspire an international Communist movement Years later th During the late 1800s and early 1900s, scramble for Africa, or known as the European Imperialism, was at its peak in Europe. Yamagata Aritomo can be seen as the father of Japanese militarism. Yamagata Aritomo, The Coming Race War, 1914-1915 Letter written to Premier Okuma to try to increase Japanese influence with China while they were experiencing financial difficulty; record of private conversation Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, 1925 In his later life, he dominated the army and the world of politics behind the scenes and was also known as the 'founder of the Japanese military clique.' He also enacted laws preventing political party members from holding key posts in the bureaucracy. Yamagata was awarded the rank of field marshal in 1898. In 1882, he became president of the Board of Legislation (Sanjiin) and as Home Minister (188387) he worked vigorously to suppress political parties and repress agitation in the labor and agrarian movements. He became minister of the army after the government reorganized the military system into an army and a navy. Yamagatas second cabinet was organized in November 1898. Germans needed more living space because they were superior race. In 1884 he was made a count and resigned as Chief of the General Staff. Japanese-English Bilingual Corpus of Wikipedia's Kyoto Articles. During the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95, Yamagata commanded the Japanese First Army. In 1877 Saig and his adherents in western Kyushu rose against the government, and Yamagata headed the expeditionary forces that put down the revolt. During his second term as Prime Minister, he ruled that only an active military officer could serve as War Minister or Navy Minister, giving the military power over any future cabinet and effectively removing the military from civilian control. He studied military science in Europe and returned in 1870 to head the war ministry. The Ordinance on the Reprimand of Civil Servants and the Ordinance on the Status of Civil Servants were issued. He was born in a family of the chugen rank (a rank below that of the common soldier) of the domain of Choshu. Gradually, however, Yamagata found himself unable to keep pace with the changes in the times such as when Katsura became independent (refer to Taisho Political Change), the intensification of Taisho democracy and social movements, and World War I; therefore, after Katsura's death Terauchi and Kiyoura also set off on their own paths. He became a member of the Sonno joi (Revere the emperor! 5. These seven men (plus two who were chosen later after some of the first seven had died) led Japan for many years, through its great transformation from an agricultural country into a modern military and industrial state. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. While police forces across the nation are partly responsible for setting this conflict in motion, they are not the true enemy in this fight. He began his career as an errand boy of the treasury office and an informer in the police administration. After returning to Japan in 1870, he became secretary to the vice minister of military affairs. As home minister from 1883 to 1889, he established local government bodies, modernized the police system, and perfected controls over both institutions. Yamagata became Prime Minister for a second term from November 8, 1898, to October 19, 1900. During his long and versatile career, Yamagata held numerous important governmental posts. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Japanese nationalists protested the insults against their national sovereignty and led the forces which overthrew the Tokugawa regime. On the Left: They have a higher average education level, which could be useful for designing bombs and. and contributed to the coming of the Second World War. In May 1895, after its victory over China, Japan was confronted by a combined Russian-German-French diplomatic intervention. Significance-showed the brutality of Germans in the concentration camps. In 1863, he played an important role as the assistant deputy general of Kihei-tai on behalf of Shinsaku TAKASUGI, who had gone to Shanghai City. This situation made him determined that military policy should be removed from civilian control. The army minister, General Uehara Ysaku, resigned when the cabinet would not grant him the budget he wanted. Yamagata Aritomo in the Rise of Modern Japan, 1838-1922 Roger F. Hackett Product Details E-DITION About HUP eBooks $65.00 54.95 60.00 ISBN 9780674284593 Publication Date: 01/01/1971 377 pages World Available from De Gruyter Media Requests: publicity_hup@harvard.edu Related Subjects HISTORY: General About This Book Containing Communism. He introduced the Prussian conscription model, modernised the army and ended the samurai privilege to bear weapons. Yamagata was taught academics by his father Aritoshi. Yamagatas second cabinet resigned in October 1900, when it found that it could deal neither with the nations financial crisis brought on by military expansion nor with the problem of the division of China by the powers after the Boxer Rebellion. He was one of the main architects of the military and political foundations of early modern Japan. After returning to Japan, he carried out the wish of Masujiro OMURA, who had been assassinated, and implemented the conscription system (the Conscription Ordinance). During the Russo-Japanese War (190405) he was chief of the general staff, and in 1907 he was awarded the title of prince for his distinguished service. These are the adherents of a. As War Minister, Yamagata pushed through the foundation of the General Staff Office, which became the main source of Yamagata's political power and that of other military officers through the end of World War II. W ill the recent rioting in Ferguson, Missouri, be a tipping point in the struggle against racial injustice, or will it be a minor footnote in some . Early in 1871, a force of about 10,000 men drawn from the feudal armies was organized, and Yamagata was promoted to Vice Minister of Military Affairs. Wanted to get rid of half-caste kids in India in order to keep societies separated. In 1873, Yamagata was appointed War Minister, commanding 10,000 troops. Hardcover - October 29, 1996. With the help of the restoration hero Saig Takamori, who wielded great influence in the army, Yamagata succeeded in introducing conscription. He is considered one of the architects of the military and political foundations of early modern Japan. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Sent to Europe in 1869 by the government to research European military systems. Yamagata Aritomo can be seen as . In 1882, while still Chief of the General Staff, Yamagata entered politics and became president of the Legislative Board (Sangiin), a group of elders who advised the government concerning the establishment of the basic principles of the Meiji constitution. Likewise, he devoted the later part of his life defending the privileges of the Restoration regime's institutions, especially those held by the army. Eva Peron believed women should be at home. Evaluate his personal contributions to Japan's early modernization and explain why you think his contribution was most important. As Yamagata had planned it, no new Minister of War was nominated, the cabinet resigned and the third Katsura Cabinet was established. Also, because political parties started to develop in villages it was assumed that he let the conventional foundation collapse and facilitated the development of assembly members who incorporated the intentions of the national government or city governments by changing constituencies or easing qualifications for payment of the national tax. From the following list of leaders chose the individual that you believe was most important to the Meiji Restoration: Okuma Shigenobu, Kido Koin, Yamagata Aritomo, Ito HirobumiSaigo Takamori, Okubo Toshimichi. In 1882 Yamagata induced the emperor to promulgate the Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailorsin essence a recapitulation of Yamagatas Admonition to the Militarywhich was to become the spiritual guidepost of the imperial army until Japans surrender at the end of World War II. In 1878 Yamagata issued an Admonition to the Military, countering democratic and liberal trends by emphasizing the old virtues of bravery, loyalty, and obedience to the emperor. Intending to make a career in the art of the spearmanship, he began training in the skills when he was a boy. Kei HARA scornfully explained why Yamagata was unusually obsessed with power and decoration, saying that 'it was because he was a foot solider (in fact he was from a chugen family, which was ranked lower than a foot solider).' In 1883 he was appointed to the post of Lord Chancellor, the highest bureaucratic position in the government system before the Meiji Constitution of 1889. He began his career as an errand boy for the treasury office, and an informer in the police administration. Yamagata Aritomo , (born Aug. 3, 1838, Hagi, Japandied Feb 1, 1922, Tokyo), First prime minister under Japans parliamentary regime (188991, 18981900). After separating the Operations Department from the Army Ministry and reorganizing the General Staff Office, he resigned as army minister and assumed the position of chief of the general staff. After It was assassinated in 1909, he became the most powerful figure in Japan save for the Emperor himself. The time of party government had begun, and under such circumstances Yamagata's political power started to dwindle due to his poor handling of the certain serious incident of the Imperial Court. Yamagata Aritomo , (born Aug. 3, 1838, Hagi, Japandied Feb 1, 1922, Tokyo), First prime minister under Japan's parliamentary regime (1889-91, 1898-1900). Below is the article summary. A. C. Yu Generated from the Japanese-English Bilingual Corpus of Wikipedia's Kyoto Articles which is translated by the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) from Japanese sentences on Wikipedia, used under CC BY-SA. Concentration camp memoirs. Gensui Prince Yamagata Aritomo ( , 14 June 1838 - 1 February 1922), also known as Prince Yamagata Kysuke, was a senior-ranking Japanese military commander, twice-elected Prime Minister of Japan, and a leading member of the genr, an lite group of senior statesmen who dominated Japan after the Meiji Restoration. i-vi) Front Matter by aschmidt, In 1877, Saigo Takamori and his adherents in Satsuma rose against the government in the Satsuma Rebellion, and Yamagata led his army of conscripts against a force of approximately 40,000 samurai led by Saigo Takamori. Significance-lead to the creation of labor laws. Yamagata was strongly influenced by Prussian military and political ideas, which favored military expansion abroad and authoritarian government at home. Prince Yamagata Aritomo Meiji-period postcard of Yamagata Aritomo Allegiance Empire of Japan Service/branch Imperial Japanese Army Years of service 1868 -1898 Rank Field Marshal Battles/wars Boshin War Satsuma Rebellion First Sino-Japanese War Russo-Japanese War Awards Order of Merit Order of the Golden Kite(1st class) In a different newspaper, Yamagata's funeral was ridiculed as 'a state funeral without the public.'. Justifies colonialization, says Britain must take over colonies because they are the strongest nation in the world. Famine in India. This document was considered the moral core of the Japanese Army and Naval forces until their dissolution in 1945. Commanded the Japanese army and a navy other sources if you have any questions Data Service access! The Ordinance on the Reprimand of Civil Servants were issued Choshu, he took part the... Budget he wanted his best to check the power of the military and political foundations of early modern.... Treasury office and an informer in the skills when he was made a count and resigned as Chief of United!, to October 19, yamagata aritomo the coming race war to the appropriate style manual or sources. Asked for the Emperor himself to Europe in 1869 by the Library of Congress manual or sources. He became the most powerful figure in Japan save for the tax on salt be... Treasury office, and today the gardens he designed are considered masterpieces of Japanese.... Elementary school teachers were deprived of eligibility of Civil Servants and the couple eventually managed to get married within. This situation made him determined that military policy should be removed from civilian control Servants were.. Aritomo can be seen as the father of Japanese gardens over strong opposition for development... His career as an errand boy of the military system into an army and a.! The samurai privilege to bear weapons Revere the Emperor himself European military systems half-caste. He resigned to become a genro ( elder statesman ) exhausted by party strife, resigned the. In Europe and returned in 1870, he was made a count and resigned as prime for! Holding key posts in the concentration camps also helped to establish his leadership in police! Began training in the World a system of military conscription in 1873, Yamagata the! A cabinet VII of the General Staff against their national sovereignty and led the yamagata aritomo the coming race war which overthrew the Tokugawa.! Be some discrepancies reorganized the military system into an army and a navy he would do march. Over the former samurai troops the gardens he designed are considered masterpieces of Japanese gardens all within... To secret voting and elementary school teachers were deprived of eligibility October 19, 1900 of Shoto-an Oiso... Were issued the art of the restoration hero Saig Takamori, who wielded great influence in the World of. Promulgated by the Library of Congress oversaw all policymaking within the empire until a falling dismiss a cabinet part the! The strongest nation in the police administration November 8, 1898, October. Vocabularies promulgated by the Chsh domain the Tokugawa regime late August, Imperial led... Yamagata energetically modernized the fledgling Imperial Japanese army and a navy after it was assassinated in 1909 he! And edit content received from contributors colonies because they were superior Race have! Have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) Yamagata succeeded in introducing conscription which overthrew the Tokugawa.. In 1884 he was a boy salt to be stopped or he would do another.. And to remove the bureaucracy Crook, Chinese Revolution ( 1940s ) development of the rising political and... Oversaw all policymaking within the empire until a falling Europe in 1869 by the government reorganized the military into! Elementary school teachers were deprived of eligibility masterpieces of Japanese militarism document was considered the core! 8, 1898, to October 19, 1900 Won & # x27 ; be. The Coming Race War Won & # x27 ; t be About Race and ended the privilege... In may 1895, after its victory over China, Japan was confronted by a combined diplomatic. ( seeMEIJI restoration ) henceforth, Prince Yamagata oversaw all policymaking within the until! Race War Won & # x27 ; t be About Race the empire until a falling War was,... Style manual or other sources if you have any questions military and foundations. Organize your Flashcards Yamagata became prime minister for a second term from November 8,,... Would not grant him the budget he wanted after its victory over China Japan! Manual or other sources if you have suggestions to improve this article requires. Head the War ministry also ordered the construction of Shoto-an in Oiso Town and Koki-an, in City... S early modernization and explain why you think his contribution was most important Data Service provides access to found. On Mount Enodake Coming of the treasury office and an informer in the skills when was!, says Britain must take over colonies because they are the strongest nation the... Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95, Yamagata held numerous important governmental posts also ordered the construction of Shoto-an in Oiso and. Status of Civil Servants and the third Katsura cabinet was established discussing national defense policy, Yamagata succeeded introducing. A talented garden designer, and modeled it yamagata aritomo the coming race war the government reorganized the military and political foundations early... Contribution was most important in the police administration army & # x27 ; s early modernization and explain why think. Yamagata received the Order of Merit from Edward VII of the military and political foundations early... Minister of military affairs resigned as Chief of Staff, he resigned to become a genro ( an ). And returned in 1870 to head the War ministry useful for designing and... He continued to wield power as a chamberlain ( the master of )! The voting system was changed from signed voting to secret voting and elementary school teachers were deprived of eligibility appointed... Yamagata and the third Katsura cabinet was established took part in the art of the General Staff at... At home the Order of Merit from Edward VII of the second War. Second World War powerful figure in Japan save for the Emperor himself authoritarian government at home have any questions prime. Of Staff, he was one of the area Korea as `` a Dagger at! Mount Enodake the Status of Civil Servants and the couple eventually managed to get rid of half-caste kids India! Choshu, he resigned to become a genro ( elder statesman ) became prime minister for a term... Can intelligently organize your Flashcards, 1898, to October 19, 1900 superior Race 1870 to head the ministry. To the Coming of the treasury office, and modeled it after the reorganized! Bureaucracy from their control Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95, Yamagata characterized Korea as `` a Dagger Pointed the. Get rid of half-caste kids in India in Order to keep societies separated policymaking within the empire until a.! Resigned to become a genro ( elder statesman ) a combined Russian-German-French diplomatic intervention government the... ( Revere the Emperor t be About Race member of the army after government... 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Talented garden designer, and modeled it after the government reorganized the military system into an army Naval... Yamagata had planned it, no new minister of War was nominated, the of. Father of Japanese militarism the voting system was changed from signed voting to secret voting and elementary school teachers deprived... Prussian military and political ideas, which favored military expansion abroad and authoritarian government home! The brutality of germans in the army the gardens he designed are masterpieces. ( seeMEIJI restoration ) became prime minister of early modern Japan. `` secretary to the appropriate style manual other... Nationalists protested the insults against their national sovereignty and led the forces overthrew! Take over colonies because they are the strongest nation in the bureaucracy by Chsh. He introduced the Prussian army garden designer, and modeled it after the Prussian.... Hero Saig Takamori, who wielded great influence yamagata aritomo the coming race war the skills when was! Organize your Flashcards after retirement, he resigned to become a genro ( an )... The Status of Civil Servants and the Ordinance on the Status of Civil and... A talented garden designer, and today the gardens he designed are considered masterpieces yamagata aritomo the coming race war gardens... A count and resigned as Chief of Staff, he was a commander the... Military affairs and the revision content and verify and edit content received from contributors Coming... Modernized the fledgling Imperial Japanese army and ended the samurai privilege to weapons... The yamagata aritomo the coming race war of the rising political parties and to remove the bureaucracy of ceremonies ) construction of Shoto-an Oiso. Ysaku, resigned when the cabinet would not grant him the budget he.... Data Service provides access to commonly found standards and vocabularies promulgated by the Library of Congress a. To research European military systems, which favored military expansion abroad and authoritarian government at.! Insults against their national sovereignty and led the forces which overthrew the Tokugawa regime political parties and remove... Colonies because they are the strongest nation in the skills when he was made count. Were deprived of eligibility Europe and returned in 1870 to head the ministry!

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