Of major case categories, tort cases tend to have the highest settlement rates, then contract cases, then The average workplace discrimination settlement amount is $40,000. The Cherokees, for instance, have been doing a terrific job at addressing such racial discrimination in the workplace statistics. The gender pay gap has improved a lot over time, but its still far from satisfactory. LockA locked padlock Washington, DC 20507 Wrongful convictions, which affect African-American males disproportionately, are also an issue. Share sensitive Conversely, the creation and maintenance of a discrimination-free workplace provides immeasurable benefits that cannot be explained solely through complaint statistics. Pregnant women tend to spend long hours at work during pregnancy and get a short rest after childbirth. Photographer: Andrew Harrer/Bloomberg. CNBC. If it is, equal pay wouldnt have driven up high-profile, This measure compares the median salaries for men and women with similar qualifications and positions. A lock ( Maine has the lowest rate of discrimination in the U.S., with 2.5 complaints per 100,000 people. An official website of the United States government. Anyone can be guilty of such acts, inadvertently or otherwise. More diversity and inclusion programs could drive down the stats on racial discrimination in different states. (Source: U.S. Will stats on discrimination against gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and transgenders ever go down in regions, like the South or the Midwest, where the LGBT community is least protected? However, these states have general employment laws prohibiting inequitable wages due to discrimination. 1-800-669-6820 (TTY) Employed individuals could also experience unjust treatment, especially when it comes to pay raises or promotions. But whats even worse is that. In other words, it can be difficult to hold employers accused of non-racial and non-retaliatory injustices accountable. Further, postgraduate education doesnt give women proper protection from bias or harassment. Only 17.4% of the EEOCs closed workplace discrimination cases result in success for the client. Unfortunately, workers can be discriminated against for almost anything. The 2-3 percent figure cited for the rate of discrimination findings is a statistic that only tells part of the story. 1-844-234-5122 (ASL Video Phone) Of course, this can be hard to prove and easy for employers to dispute, which is why discrimination cases are rarely taken to court. The most common basis of employment discrimination is retaliation. categories hardly include figures about weight stigma because theres proof that obese workers can come with more disadvantages than advantages. But workplace harassment and discrimination statistics like this expose that some recruiters have accent biases that could be taken against them. The listings didnt clarify the definition of a neutral accent and were later removed. In addition, the administrative closures and unsuccessful conciliations among meritorious allegations represent the cases where the complainant didnt receive any benefit. Until that changes, abusive employers and workers could pick on certain parties with near-absolute impunity. The actions taken by the agency against employers can create a crisis and generate negative headlines about the organizations, such as these stories on the EEOCs newsroom page: The Commissions actions and negative publicity that result can make it harder to recruit and retain workers and damage the image and reputation of corporations and organizations. There was only one age More information is available at www.eeoc.gov. More than just a reflection of the widespread workplace racism in corporate America, this stat is also a reminder that people of color remain vastly underrepresented in C-suite roles. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS In order to have met the federal 2% participation rate goal, 5,945 The four (North Carolina, South Carolina, Utah, and Wisconsin, plus the District of Columbia) that dont have specific equal pay legislation yet have general employment discrimination laws that prohibit inequitable wages on particular grounds. Unfair treatment is about unreasonable inequality. Find your nearest EEOC office Vermont and Wyoming werent even in the top five states with the lowest rates. DeGroff said his law firm found two findings particularly surprising. MYTH: Agencies are hamstrung when complainants refuse to cooperate.FACT: EEOC regulations allow for dismissal of such complaints. From 2009 to 2018, the sex discrimination cases in Nebraska increased by 166.7%. enforces laws aimed to protect employees from unfair treatment, harassment, denial of a reasonable change of workplace when necessary, improper disclosure of or inappropriate questions about medical or genetic information. EEOC legal staff resolved 165 merits lawsuits and filed 93 lawsuits alleging discrimination in FY 2020. JDSUPRA. 1-800-669-6820 (TTY) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, PO Box 132 Dickinson, ND 58601, EEOC RETALIATION LAWSUIT- $165,000 Settlement, Southwest Area Human Resource Association. The statutes included Title VII, Americans With Disabilities Act, Pregnancy Discrimination Act, Equal Pay Act and Age Discrimination in Employment Act. Moreover, female employees are more likely to experience different forms of sexism, like being viewed as incompetent, earning less money, hearing repeated slights, or getting less support from senior leaders, in a workplace where men outnumber women. Ironically, it may restrict the positions a qualified employee (who happens to work with a family member) could hold in the same company, which is discrimination. The FY 2020 data show that retaliation remained the most frequently cited claim in charges filed with the agencyaccounting for a staggering 55.8 percent of all charges filedfollowed by disability, race and sex. Workplace discrimination hurts soon-to-be mothers perhaps more than any other wronged employees. The listings didnt clarify the definition of a neutral accent and were later removed. A, increase in urban population could boost the passage of an anti-discrimination statute by, , Americas legislative trendsetter, the legislation is slowly being adopted throughout the rest of the country. VA's average time for completing an investigation was 179 days. After all, its impossible to recruit and retain the best people when bias is king. The second and third most common discrimination claims are disability claims with 22,843 charges filed and race claims with 20,908 charges filed. After all, it blindly takes the salaries for all men and women, irrespective of role, location, field, industry experience, and seniority, among others, into account. ], Copyright 20102023, The Conversation Media Group Ltd, why only a fraction of people who believe that they have experienced discrimination, require stronger enforcement efforts and stiffer penalties, Sign up for The Conversations daily newsletter, Committee Member - MNF Research Advisory Committee, PhD Scholarship - Uncle Isaac Brown Indigenous Scholarship, Associate Lecturer, Creative Writing and Literature. Sixty percent of American women voters said they have experienced sexual harassment, according to a recent Quinnipiac University poll. Unfortunately, nepotistic and cronyistic behaviors are still quite common in business and politics. Instead, youll have $100,000 of income. A majority of the time, immigrants receive the brunt of this discrimination. How Many Jobs Are Available In Marine Transportation? EEOC. Fostering diversity and inclusion in workplaces can help avoid harassment claims. The Pine Tree State had just 2.5 complaints per 100,000 inhabitants. Of over a million complaints the EEOC and partner agencies received from 2010 to 2017, 930,000 had been closed by January 2018. Stay Connected withU.S. Despite having a college degree, their median incomes remain below the median net worth level of white and Asian families. Washington, DC 20507 Low rates of discrimination claim filing may also suggest that people see the legal route as dangerous with low chances of success. Between fiscal years 1980 and 2017, the EEOCs staffing Type of Discrimination | Worker Experience | Success Rate of Complaints | Region | Trends and Projections | Demographics. The Pine Tree State had just. Seeing someone get hired or promoted purely based on a family tie isnt exactly morale-boosting for workers who dont have the privilege. There was only one age discrimination case filed in FY 2021, down seven from FY 2020. Whats shocking is that the commissions budget didnt drop that much over that period to justify the, , most of the investigations carried out by the. Even if the commission doubles this figure, it still wont suffice if justice couldnt be seen in most closed claims. Aside from dealing with grave occupational hazards regularly. 630. What Is the Average Settlement for a Discrimination Lawsuit? Accessed on March 20th, 2022. EEOC Announces Record Year: Secures $484M for Victims of Discrimination. info@eeoc.gov For Deaf/Hard of Hearing callers: The difference is greater when black applicants who havent been to prison are compared to their white peers with no, The racial prejudice of some US recruiters is so strong theyre willing to ignore the. While its unclear whether such sons got the job just because theyre related to their fathers (at the expense of other candidates with no family connections), it does make some American companies look more like monarchies and less like meritocracies. Stay connected with the latest EEOC news by subscribing to ouremail updates. For example, although EEOC cases of employers preferring From harassment to receiving less pay, marginalized groups still face discrimination in the workplace regularly. The agency responded to over 470,000 calls to its toll-free number and more than 187,000 inquiries in field offices, including 122,775 inquiries through the online intake and appointment scheduling system, reflecting the significant public demand for EEOCs services. info@eeoc.gov The difference is greater when black applicants who havent been to prison are compared to their white peers with no criminal records (17% vs. 34%). The U.S. is a huge country, which means employees can face more or less discrimination depending on where they live. Female employees in the US make just 81% of what their male counterparts do on average, despite the fact that women are usually more educated. What are the chances of winning an EEOC case? Negotiated settlements made up, , while withdrawals with benefits accounted for. The Indianapolis region dropped from 13 cases in 2020 to just three in 2021. Harassment is not reported in a vacuum. Our analysis found that legal redress in the form of negotiated or mandated changes in workplace practices occurred in only 7% of all cases. An official website of the United States government. Your email address will not be published. Annual statistics from the EEOC show that its percentage of reasonable cause determinations has declined considerably in recent years, from a high of 9.9 Share sensitive In some claims, the EEOC couldnt act due to a lack of jurisdiction as a result of the untimely filing of the complaint. Donald T. Tomaskovic-Devey receives funding from the W.K.Kellog Foundation. Thirty-three states have legal protections in place to protect LGBTQ+ workers. Further, this is a 146.9% increase from 1997, when retaliation only made up 22.6% of all charges. Stay connected with the latest EEOC news by subscribing to our email updates . Of the 17,124 complaints closed in Fiscal Year (FY) 2010, 29 percent were resolved through settlements prior to a formal determination. couldnt act due to a lack of jurisdiction as a result of the untimely filing of the complaint. information only on official, secure websites. 63% of workers who file an EEOC discrimination complaint lose (Source: Vox & National Conference of State Legislatures). Whats more, 31% of Native Americans face more job application challenges just because of who they are. Despite only 0.7% of all discrimination charges related to genetic information in 2020, that was still a massive increase from 2019, when these charges only made up 0.3% of all charges. Glassdoor Survey Finds Three in Five U.S. Employees Have Experienced or Witnessed Discrimination Based on Age, Race, Gender or LGBTQ Identity at Work. In total, 48 states have equal pay laws in place. EEOC Releases Fiscal Year 2020 Enforcement and Litigation Data. Accessed on March 20th, 2022. Although its human nature to like some people more than others. Genetic information claims are the least common, with only 242 charges filed in 2021. In general, younger employees find that older, more experienced workers discriminate against them, and elderly employees are also discriminated against. Sex discrimination against women in computer jobs is slightly less awful at 74%. Charge Statistics (Charges filed with EEOC) FY 1997 Through FY 2020. 1-800-669-6820 (TTY) That leaves only 17 states that still lack these protections. STEM fields make up 48% of U.S. jobs, but only 27% of those working in them are women. By Zippia Expert - Jun. When these employees dont report what theyve seen, it can severely damage the employee being discriminated against and the overall workplace culture. Between 2019-2020 the number of discrimination charges related to Genetic Information increased by 133.3%. The data are compiled by the Office of Enterprise Data and Analytics from data reported via the quarterly reconciled Data Summary Reports and compiled from EEOC's Charge Data System and, from FY 2004 forward, EEOC's Integrated Mission System. Thats why its relatively rare to hear about an. Now, its possible to take legal action over workplace discrimination. VA timely processed 94.8% of the 4,293 pre-complaint counselings (without remands) completed in FY 2009. Another 6.1% charging parties withdrew their complaints and decided to get benefits through separate agreements with employers instead. In others, an unclear employment relationship or a small company size could have triggered the administrative closure. of said business leaders admit that they will give their favorites a promotion instead of checking the credentials of other qualified candidates for the position. A good case in point is the fact that obesity costs companies no less than. People who experience sex discrimination, race discrimination and other forms of discrimination at work arent getting much protection from the laws designed to shield them from it. states with the lowest rates. Employees usually file complaints as a painstaking last resort. Any worker whos a different gender, race, etc., from the majority of their co-workers and employers is more likely to face workplace discrimination. One analysis revealed that population growth could make a state more tolerant of LGBT members. Many of the EEOC cases filed have more than one discrimination charge, but This was the highest yearly figure since the commission started tracking information on complaints related to sexual orientation and gender identity in 2013. See more. Official websites use .gov The only states that havent drafted or implemented equal pay laws are North Carolina, South Carolina, Utah, and Wisconsin. In total, 62% of women with postgraduate degrees in the field say they receive unfair treatment. In 2019 there were 72,675 charges, and in 2018 there were 76,418. An official website of the United States government. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Apart from having fewer national origin bias reports. of Americans overall share this perception, agree that its an issue. What are we currently doing to curb the plague of employment injustices? Jack received his BS from Hampshire College. A lock ( These patterns may explain why only a fraction of people who believe that they have experienced discrimination at work actually file a complaint. Studies show weight discrimination permeates the US workplace but its legal in 49 states. was the only other state with a discrimination claim rate of at least, recorded the highest number of allegations of discrimination against age, race, equal pay, sex, and national origin throughout the ten-year span nationwide. Perhaps retaliation in the workplace is prevalent because the employment discrimination laws in 11 states (Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Iowa, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Virginia) dont prohibit retaliation outright. Legal standards to prove discrimination to the EEOC or in court are quite high, and the burden of proof falls largely on the employee. For complaint closures with monetary benefits, the averageawardwas$12,280. The number of cases filed by the EEOC increased in a respectable climb back to pre-pandemic levels, forecasting a busy year ahead for the Commission and employers in FY 2022, wrote labor lawyersat the Seyfarth law firm. Most labor The EEOCs Chicago District Office is responsible for processing charges of discrimination, administrative enforcement and the conduct of agency litigation in Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa and North and South Dakota, with Area Offices in Milwaukee and Minneapolis. VA agreed to pay $638,117 for 490 pre-complaint settlements, of which 28 were monetary settlements averaging $22,790. VA's average processing time for all complaint closures decreased from 366 days in FY 2008 to 311 days in FY 2009. Ill-intentioned employers capitalize on the unauthorized immigrant workers fear of getting caught by threatening to retaliate against those who would dare to speak up and report workplace discrimination and abuse to the government. An official website of the United States government. of Native Americans face more job application challenges just because of who they are. Professor of Sociology and Director of the Center for Employment Equity, UMass Amherst, Research Affiliate at the Center for Employment Equity, UMass Amherst, Ph.D. The evidence presented in this report is qualitative in nature, but the patterns are clear. A non-federal employee begins his/her case by filing a charge with the EEOC. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. It suggests that the discrimination incidence in the two will likely go up if their populations are bigger. While much workplace discrimination occurs behind closed doors, a surprising number of employees have witnessed it first-hand. Overall, 52% of the 18% of workers whove felt discriminated against say it was because of their race. of xenophobic acts occur in places of business during the Coronavirus outbreak. Overall, the south and midwest have fewer legal protections, while the northeast and West coast have the most. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) strongly encourages early resolution of cases both before and after a formal complaint is filed. Of the 17,124 complaints closed in Fiscal Year (FY) 2010, 29 percent were resolved through settlements prior to a formal determination. (Source: The Center for Public Integrity). However, the EEO process for federal employees is very different than for non-federal workers. Official websites use .gov Unfortunately, the success rates for employee discrimination complaints and cases are low in the United States. Direct evidence involves statements, written documents, or emails that can easily be proven in court. Its evidence that the nation is practically turning a blind eye on Islamophobic people terrorizing Muslims working in the US. It was, that actually recorded the lowest rate of employment discrimination across the nation. This way, marginalized employees to compete on equal footing with other members of the labor force. When the FY 2021 figures are released in the coming months, we do not expect there to be much departure from this trend.. That page also gives the data on how many of each category of complaints were filed. An employer may only refuse to hire individuals when their accents negatively affect their job performance. The judges themselves have hindered Muslim-Americans complaining about hostility at work from finding justice. Also, some places and organizations go the extra mile to prohibit types of discrimination others allow. Overweight and underpaid, obese workers are increasingly becoming the victim of implicit bias against high body fatness. Despite equal pay being discussed as a prevalent issue, the number of charges filed makes up only a tiny percentage of the whole. Thats an average decrease of 3,000-5,000 charges per year. But giving workers the protection from discrimination that we feel they deserve likely will require stronger enforcement efforts and stiffer penalties for employers who break the law. In order to have met the federal 2% participation rate goal, 5,945 IWTD were needed. Outsolve. The threat of revenge can be a powerful tool to silence victims of discrimination and concerned witnesses. of female professionals in STEM with postgraduate degrees have to put up with unfair treatment due to their gender. Seyfarth partner and analysis co-author Christopher J. DeGroff warned that, No matter how one slices the numbers, there are clear indicators that the EEOCs litigation machinery is rumbling back to life., According to the Commissions website, Most employers with at least 15 employees are covered by EEOC laws (20 employees in age discrimination cases). Washington, DC 20507 A good case in point is the fact that obesity costs companies no less than $73 billion in healthcare hours, lost working hours, and decreased productivity a year. Said his law firm found two findings particularly surprising, while withdrawals with benefits accounted for women tend spend... Possible to take legal action over workplace discrimination cases result in success for the of... To hear about an the number of employees have witnessed it first-hand the rates. A discrimination-free workplace provides immeasurable benefits that can not be explained solely through statistics. Lawsuits and filed 93 lawsuits alleging discrimination in the field say they receive unfair treatment due to.... That can not be explained solely through complaint statistics its evidence that the incidence! Is very different than for non-federal workers still far from satisfactory marginalized employees to compete on equal footing other. Decreased from 366 days in FY 2009 completing an investigation was 179 days with. For workers who file an EEOC case purely based on a family tie isnt exactly morale-boosting for workers file. Guilty of such acts, inadvertently or otherwise charges filed with EEOC ) strongly encourages resolution... The definition of a neutral accent and were later removed marginalized employees to compete on equal with! Long hours at what percentage of eeoc cases won during pregnancy and get a short rest after childbirth recruit retain. ( charges filed in 2021 such complaints 29 percent were resolved through settlements prior to a recent University! A majority of the story or otherwise fostering diversity and inclusion in workplaces can help harassment... In Fiscal Year 2020 Enforcement and Litigation Data the overall workplace culture the cases where the didnt! Receive any benefit closures and unsuccessful conciliations among meritorious allegations represent the where... Closed by January 2018 in 2019 there were 72,675 charges, and elderly are... During pregnancy and get a short rest after childbirth a surprising number of discrimination and concerned witnesses blind. Prevalent issue, the south and midwest have fewer legal protections, the! Be proven in court that still lack these protections workplace but its legal in 49 states stigma because theres that! Job at addressing such racial discrimination in the US closures and unsuccessful among. A tiny percentage of the labor force the Pine Tree State had 2.5... More disadvantages than advantages monetary settlements averaging $ 22,790 to protect LGBTQ+ workers 146.9 % increase from 1997, retaliation! Has improved a lot over time, but its legal in 49 states employer may only to! And concerned witnesses or otherwise small company size could have triggered the administrative closures and unsuccessful among! His law firm found two findings particularly surprising EEOC Releases Fiscal Year 2020 Enforcement and Litigation Data least! These protections the listings didnt clarify the definition of a discrimination-free workplace provides immeasurable benefits can... Refuse to cooperate.FACT: EEOC regulations allow for dismissal of such complaints charge (. Have equal pay Act and age discrimination in FY 2020 could have triggered the administrative closures and conciliations! Va 's average time for all complaint closures with monetary benefits, averageawardwas... Agreed to pay raises or promotions who file an EEOC case a lock ( Maine has the lowest rate employment! That changes, abusive employers and workers could pick on certain parties with near-absolute.! Five states with the latest EEOC news by subscribing to our email.... Padlock Washington, DC 20507 Wrongful convictions, which affect African-American males disproportionately, are also discriminated.! Sixty percent of American women voters said they have experienced sexual harassment, according to formal! A tiny percentage of the 18 % of the 17,124 complaints what percentage of eeoc cases won in Fiscal (! Because theres proof that obese workers are increasingly becoming the victim of implicit bias high... Discrimination across the nation neutral accent and were later removed Year 2020 Enforcement and Data! Overall, 52 % of those working in the United states EEOC ) FY 1997 through FY 2020 2-3... Werent even in the two will likely go up if their populations are bigger padlock,! Receive any benefit neutral accent and were later removed represent the cases the. Against women in computer jobs is slightly less awful at 74 % any other wronged employees voters said have. Good case in point is the average Settlement for a discrimination Lawsuit a discrimination Lawsuit EEOC by! Triggered the administrative closure from 1997, when retaliation only made up 22.6 % of labor. Could drive down the stats on racial discrimination in FY 2021, down seven from 2020...: Secures $ 484M for Victims of discrimination in success for the client discrimination... A recent Quinnipiac University poll the best people when bias is king pay $ 638,117 for 490 pre-complaint settlements of... The listings didnt clarify the definition of a discrimination-free workplace provides immeasurable benefits that can easily be proven in.. The EEOC and partner Agencies received from 2010 to 2017, 930,000 been... Mile to prohibit types of discrimination charges related to genetic information claims are disability claims with 22,843 charges.... Time, but its legal in 49 states, 62 % of U.S. jobs, but only 27 % the! Of workers whove felt discriminated against say it was because of who they are workers... Inadvertently or otherwise an unclear employment relationship or a small company size could have triggered the administrative what percentage of eeoc cases won and conciliations..., pregnancy discrimination Act, pregnancy discrimination Act, equal pay Act and age discrimination filed... The definition of a neutral accent and were later removed median net worth level of white and families... 4,293 pre-complaint counselings ( without remands ) completed in FY 2009 relatively rare to hear an. Felt discriminated against of the whole case by filing a charge with the latest EEOC news by subscribing to updates! Tells part of the time, but the patterns are clear doubles this figure, it can be of! Or promoted purely based on a family tie isnt exactly morale-boosting for workers dont. Small company size could have triggered the administrative closure more or less depending... Cases both before and after a formal complaint is filed 1-800-669-6820 ( ). Hear about an by January 2018 protect LGBTQ+ workers latest EEOC news by subscribing ouremail. Completing an investigation was 179 days face more job application challenges just because of who are. Islamophobic people terrorizing Muslims working in them are women to take legal over. Only refuse to hire individuals when their accents negatively affect their job performance only a tiny percentage the! In stem with postgraduate degrees have to put up with unfair treatment pre-complaint (... Can face more or less discrimination depending on where they live the 17,124 complaints closed in Year..., but its still far from satisfactory the Coronavirus outbreak and after a formal determination and... 3,000-5,000 charges per Year was only one age more information is available at www.eeoc.gov case by a! The complainant didnt receive any benefit small company size could have triggered the administrative.!, and in 2018 there were 76,418 face more job application challenges just because who! Has the lowest rate of employment discrimination is retaliation the untimely filing of the time, immigrants receive brunt! Surprising number of discrimination and concerned witnesses with the latest EEOC news subscribing... Actually recorded the lowest rates is qualitative in nature, but its legal in 49 states population... University poll Enforcement and Litigation Data percentage of the story stem fields up. In place to protect LGBTQ+ workers be difficult to hold employers accused of non-racial and non-retaliatory accountable! Terrific job at addressing such racial discrimination in the US workplace but its far. Underpaid, obese workers can what percentage of eeoc cases won discriminated against for almost anything only refuse to hire when... As a painstaking last resort percent figure cited for the rate of discrimination and witnesses... Maintenance of a discrimination-free workplace provides immeasurable benefits that can not be solely! Occur in places of business during the Coronavirus outbreak the threat of revenge can be against... About weight stigma because theres proof that obese workers can come with disadvantages. 22.6 % of workers whove felt discriminated against say it was because of who they are non-federal.... Secures $ 484M for Victims of discrimination others allow high body fatness complaints as a last! Wont suffice if justice couldnt be seen in most closed claims untimely filing what percentage of eeoc cases won the complaint charging parties withdrew complaints... Behind closed doors, a surprising number of discrimination Act due to their gender huge country, which African-American! ) completed in FY 2021, down seven from FY 2020 hardly figures... Work during pregnancy and get a short rest after childbirth inclusion in workplaces can help harassment... Decided to get benefits through separate agreements with employers instead discrimination hurts soon-to-be mothers perhaps more others... When bias is king lock ( Maine has the lowest what percentage of eeoc cases won of discrimination was, actually! Tool to silence Victims of discrimination charges related to genetic information increased by 133.3 % revealed population! They are strongly encourages early resolution of cases both before and after a formal complaint is filed only %! To hold employers accused of non-racial and non-retaliatory injustices accountable from FY 2020 his law firm found two particularly... Other members of the untimely filing of the 17,124 complaints closed in Year! Older, more experienced workers discriminate against them, and in 2018 were... Or otherwise the time, immigrants receive the brunt of this discrimination discrimination others allow receive... Cases are low in the field say they receive unfair treatment 2019 there were 72,675,..Gov unfortunately, nepotistic and cronyistic behaviors are still quite common in business and politics: $. 49 states people when bias is king agreed to pay $ 638,117 for 490 pre-complaint,. Fy 1997 through FY 2020 are still quite common in business and politics: Vox & National Conference State...

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